Electrochemical corrosion corrodes hlau nyob rau hauv ntau hom.Nws tsis tsuas yog ua ntawm ob lub hlau, tab sis kuj ua rau muaj peev xwm sib txawv vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pa oxygen, thiab qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam corrosion..Qee cov hlau lawv tus kheej tsis yog corrosion-resistant, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib tug zoo heev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis tom qab corrosion, uas yog ib tug passivation zaj duab xis, uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm nruab nrab.Nws tuaj yeem pom tias txhawm rau ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov hlau li qub, ib qho yog tshem tawm electrochemical corrosion;lwm qhov yog tshem tawm electrochemical corrosion;passive zaj duab xis yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov hlau nto;qhov thib peb yog siv cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog hlau tsis muaj electrochemical corrosion es tsis txhob siv cov ntaub ntawv hlau.Ob peb txoj kev tiv thaiv corrosion tau piav qhia hauv qab no.
1. Xaiv cov khoom siv corrosion-resistant raws li qhov nruab nrab
Nyob rau hauv seem ntawm "Valve Selection", peb tau qhia qhov nruab nrab tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv ntawm lub valve, tab sis nws tsuas yog ib qho kev qhia dav dav.Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, kev xeb ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog qhov nyuaj heev, txawm tias nws siv hauv nruab nrab Cov khoom siv valve yog tib yam, qhov concentration, kub thiab siab ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog qhov sib txawv, thiab corrosion ntawm nruab nrab rau cov khoom yog kuj txawv.Thaum qhov kub ntawm qhov nruab nrab nce los ntawm 10 ° C, tus nqi corrosion nce li ntawm 1 mus rau 3 zaug.Qhov nruab nrab concentration muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv valve.Piv txwv li, thaum txhuas nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid nrog ib tug me me concentration, lub corrosion yog heev me me.Thaum cov concentration ntau tshaj 96%, corrosion nce sharply.Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov pa roj carbon steel muaj qhov hnyav tshaj plaws corrosion thaum lub concentration ntawm sulfuric acid yog li 50%, thiab thaum lub concentration nce mus rau ntau tshaj 6%, corrosion kuj txo sharply.Piv txwv li, txhuas yog corrosive heev nyob rau hauv concentrated nitric acid nrog ib tug concentration ntawm ntau tshaj 80%, tab sis nws yog heev corroded nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab tsawg concentrations ntawm nitric acid.Txawm hais tias stainless hlau muaj zog corrosion kuj mus dilute nitric acid, corrosion yog aggravated nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 95% concentrated nitric acid.
Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov piv txwv saum toj no tias qhov kev xaiv raug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv valve yuav tsum ua raws li cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, tshuaj xyuas ntau yam cuam tshuam rau corrosion, thiab xaiv cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv corrosion.
2.Siv cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau
Non-metallic corrosion kuj zoo heev.Ntev npaum li lub valve kev khiav hauj lwm kub thiab siab ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-hlau, nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog daws qhov teeb meem corrosion, tab sis kuj txuag tau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.Lub valve lub cev, lub kaus mom, hauv ob sab phlu, sealing nto, thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau ua los ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau.Raws li rau gaskets, packings yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom tsis yog hlau.Lub valve hauv ob sab phlu yog ua los ntawm cov yas xws li polytetrafluoroethylene thiab chlorinated polyether, nrog rau cov roj hmab xws li cov roj hmab ntuj, neoprene thiab nitrile roj hmab, thaum lub valve lub cev thiab lub valve cover feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau thiab carbon hlau.Nws tsis tsuas yog ua kom lub zog ntawm lub valve, tab sis kuj xyuas kom meej tias lub valve tsis corroded.Lub pinch valve kuj yog tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo corrosion thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm cov roj hmab.Niaj hnub no, nws yog ntau thiab ntau yog siv nylon, PTFE thiab lwm yam yas, thiab cov roj hmab ntuj thiab hluavtaws roj hmab los ua ntau yam sealing nto thiab sealing rings, uas yog siv rau ntau hom li qub.Cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog xim hlau siv los ua sealing nto Cov khoom siv, tsis tsuas yog zoo corrosion kuj, tab sis kuj zoo sealing kev ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau siv nyob rau hauv xov xwm nrog hais.Ntawm chav kawm, lawv lub zog thiab kub tsis kam yog tsawg, txwv kev siv ntau yam.Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov graphite hloov tau tau coj cov hlau tsis muaj hlau mus rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, daws qhov nyuaj rau lub sij hawm ntev los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ntim khoom thiab gasket to, thiab yog cov roj nplua nyeem zoo.
3. Txau xim
Txheej yog feem ntau siv los tiv thaiv corrosion txoj kev, thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv corrosion khoom thiab cov cim cim ntawm cov khoom valve.Cov coatings kuj yog cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau.Lawv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws, roj hmab slurry, roj zaub, hnyav, thiab lwm yam, thiab npog cov hlau saum npoo kom cais cov nruab nrab thiab cua kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj tiv thaiv corrosion.Cov coatings feem ntau yog siv rau hauv ib puag ncig uas tsis muaj corrosive heev, xws li dej, dej ntsev, dej hiav txwv, thiab cua.Cov kab noj hniav sab hauv ntawm lub valve feem ntau yog pleev xim rau cov xim pleev xim los tiv thaiv dej, huab cua thiab lwm yam xov xwm los ntawm corroding lub valve.Cov xim yog sib xyaw nrog cov xim sib txawv los sawv cev cov ntaub ntawv Fahn siv.Lub valve yog txau nrog cov xim, feem ntau ib zaug txhua rau rau lub hlis mus rau ib xyoos.
4. Ntxiv corrosion inhibitor
Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb rau qhov nruab nrab corrosive thiab corrosive tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm cov hlau corrosion.Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb no hu ua corrosion inhibitor.
Cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev txhim kho corrosion inhibitor tswj corrosion yog tias nws txhawb lub polarization ntawm lub roj teeb.Corrosion inhibitors feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab muab tub lim.Ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion rau qhov nruab nrab tuaj yeem ua kom qeeb ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov li qub.Piv txwv li, chromium-nickel stainless hlau nyob rau hauv oxygen-dawb sulfuric acid muaj ntau yam ntawm solubility nyob rau hauv ib tug cremated lub xeev, thiab cov corrosion yog heev hnyav, tab sis ib tug me me tooj liab sulfate los yog nitric acid ntxiv.Thaum siv cov oxidant, cov hlau tsis muaj steel tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev passive, thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv yog tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw los tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm nruab nrab.Hauv hydrochloric acid, yog tias ntxiv me me ntawm oxidant, corrosion ntawm titanium tuaj yeem txo.Dej feem ntau yog siv los ua qhov ntsuas ntsuas nruab nrab rau kev ntsuas lub siab, uas yooj yim ua rau lub valve corrosion.Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm sodium nitrite hauv dej tuaj yeem tiv thaiv dej los ntawm corroding lub valve.Cov pob asbestos muaj cov chlorides, uas ua rau lub pob valve zoo heev.Yog tias siv txoj kev ntxuav nrog dej distilled, cov ntsiab lus ntawm chlorides tuaj yeem raug txo.Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no nyuaj rau kev siv thiab tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa.Cov ester yog tsim rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub qia valve thiab tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm asbestos packing, lub qia valve yog sau nrog corrosion inhibitor thiab sacrificial hlau nyob rau hauv asbestos packing.Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion yog tsim los ntawm sodium nitrite thiab sodium chromate, uas tuaj yeem tsim ib zaj duab xis passivation rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub valve kom txhim kho corrosion ntawm lub qia valve;cov kuab tshuaj yuav maj mam yaj lub corrosion inhibitor thiab ua si lub luag hauj lwm lubricating;nyob rau hauv asbestos Zinc hmoov yog ntxiv raws li ib tug sacrificial hlau.Qhov tseeb, zinc kuj yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv corrosion.Nws tuaj yeem ua ntej ua ke nrog cov tshuaj chloride hauv cov asbestos, kom qhov kev sib cuag ntawm cov tshuaj chloride thiab lub valve qia hlau raug txo kom tsawg, thiaj li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion.Yog tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion xws li liab liab thiab calcium lead acid ntxiv rau cov xim, tshuaj tsuag rau saum npoo ntawm lub valve tuaj yeem tiv thaiv atmospheric corrosion.
5. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob
Muaj ob hom kev tiv thaiv electrochemical: anodic tiv thaiv thiab cathodic tiv thaiv.Lub thiaj li hu ua anodic tiv thaiv yog siv cov hlau tiv thaiv raws li cov anode los qhia ib tug sab nraud ncaj qha tam sim no kom lub anode muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia zoo.Thaum nws nce mus rau ib qho txiaj ntsig, ib qho kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau anode, uas yog ib zaj duab xis passivation.Corrosion ntawm hlau cathodes yog drastic txo.Anodic tiv thaiv yog haum rau cov hlau uas yooj yim passivated.Lub npe hu ua cathodic tiv thaiv txhais tau hais tias cov hlau tiv thaiv yog siv los ua cathode, thiab tam sim no ncaj qha siv los txo nws cov peev xwm hauv qhov tsis zoo.Thaum nws nce mus txog qhov muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm, qhov nrawm nrawm tam sim no raug txo thiab cov hlau tiv thaiv.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tiv thaiv cathodic tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov hlau tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau uas nws cov electrode muaj peev xwm tsis zoo dua li cov hlau tiv thaiv.Yog tias zinc siv los tiv thaiv hlau, zinc yog corroded, thiab zinc hu ua cov hlau txiab.Hauv kev xyaum ntau lawm, kev tiv thaiv anodic siv tsawg dua, thiab kev tiv thaiv cathodic yog siv ntau dua.Loj li qub thiab tseem ceeb li qub siv txoj kev tiv thaiv cathodic, uas yog ib qho kev lag luam, yooj yim thiab siv tau zoo.Zinc yog ntxiv rau asbestos muab tub lim los tiv thaiv lub valve qia, uas kuj yog rau txoj kev tiv thaiv cathodic.
6. Hlau nto kho
Cov txheej txheem kev kho hlau saum npoo yog zoo dua li cov txheej txheem dormant, nto nkag mus, nto oxidation passivation, thiab lwm yam. Nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txhim kho corrosion kuj ntawm cov hlau thiab txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau.Surface-kho li qub yog siv dav.
Lub valve txuas cov ntsia hlau feem ntau yog galvanized, chrome-plated, thiab oxidized (xiav) los txhim kho qhov tsis kam rau atmospheric thiab nruab nrab corrosion.Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem saum toj no rau lwm cov fasteners, kev kho saum npoo xws li phosphating kuj siv raws li qhov xwm txheej.
Lub sealing nto thiab qhov chaw kaw nrog me me caliber feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem saum npoo xws li nitriding thiab boronizing los txhim kho nws cov corrosion kuj thiab hnav tsis kam.Lub valve disc ua los ntawm 38CrMoAlA, cov txheej nitrided ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.4mm.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm valve qia anti-corrosion yog ib qho teeb meem uas tib neeg tau saib xyuas.Peb tau txais kev paub ntau lawm ntau lawm.Cov txheej txheem kho deg xws li nitriding, boronizing, chrome plating thiab npib tsib xee plating feem ntau yog siv los txhim kho nws cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion, corrosion kuj thiab abrasion tsis kam.kev ua haujlwm raug mob.Kev kho deg sib txawv yuav tsum tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm cov qia thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm.Lub valve qia nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov huab cua, dej vapor nruab nrab thiab asbestos packing yuav plated nrog nyuaj chrome thiab roj nitriding txheej txheem (stainless hlau tsis haum rau ion nitriding txheej txheem);Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm hydrogen sulfide, lub valve yog electroplated nrog siab phosphorus npib tsib xee txheej, uas muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo dua;38CrMoAlA kuj tuaj yeem tiv taus corrosion los ntawm ion thiab roj nitriding, tab sis nws tsis haum rau siv tawv chromium txheej;2Cr13 tuaj yeem tiv taus ammonia corrosion tom qab quenching thiab tempering.Cov pa roj carbon steel siv roj nitriding kuj tiv taus ammonia corrosion, thaum tag nrho cov phosphorus-nickel coatings tsis tiv taus ammonia corrosion;Tom qab cov roj nitriding, 38CrMoAlA cov khoom muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev thiab kev ua tau zoo, thiab nws yog siv rau ntau lub valve stems.
Lub cev me me ntawm lub cev thiab lub log ntawm tes kuj feem ntau chrome-plated los txhim kho lawv cov corrosion kuj thiab kho lub valve.
7. Thermal txau
Thermal spraying yog ib hom txheej txheem thaiv kev npaj cov txheej txheem thiab tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau cov khoom siv tiv thaiv saum npoo.Nws yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws.Nws siv lub zog siab kub ceev cov nplaim hluav taws xob, cov nplaim hluav taws kub arc, cua sov, cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob, thiab tom qab ntawd cov hlau nplaum, thiab tom qab ntawd tsuag nws mus rau qhov pib yooj yim hauv lub daim ntawv ntawm atomization los tsim cov tshuaj tsuag txheej., los yog cua sov cov txheej txheem nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, yog li ntawd lub txheej yog melted dua nyob rau saum npoo ntawm substrate, thiab cov txheej txheem ntxiv dag zog ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag welding txheej yog tsim.Feem ntau cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys, hlau oxide ceramics, cermet composites, thiab cov hlau nyuaj tuaj yeem coated ntawm cov hlau los yog cov hlau tsis yog xim hlau los ntawm ib los yog ntau dua thermal spray txoj kev.
Thermal txau tuaj yeem txhim kho nws qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion, hnav tsis kam, kub tsis kam thiab lwm yam khoom, thiab ua kom nws lub neej ua haujlwm ntev.Thermal spray txheej nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb xws li rwb thaiv tsev kub, rwb thaiv tsev (los yog hluav taws xob sib txawv), grindable sealing, self-lubricating, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, electromagnetic shielding, thiab lwm yam.;cov khoom tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag thermal.
8. Tswj qhov chaw corrosive
Qhov chaw hu ua ib puag ncig muaj ob qhov kev nkag siab dav thiab nqaim.Qhov dav ib puag ncig yog hais txog ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw teeb tsa lub valve thiab nws qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab;qhov nqaim kev nkag siab ib puag ncig hais txog cov xwm txheej nyob ib puag ncig lub valve installation site.Feem ntau ib puag ncig tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau.Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas nws yuav tsis ua kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom, txheej txheem, thiab lwm yam, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj ib puag ncig yuav siv tau, xws li deoxidizing boiler dej, kho cov pH nqi ntawm domestic alkali nyob rau hauv lub refining txheej txheem, thiab lwm yam. qhov kev pom no, qhov saum toj no-hais ntxiv ntawm corrosion inhibitors, electrochemical tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam kuj yog tswj corrosion ib puag ncig.
Cov huab cua yog tag nrho ntawm cov plua plav, dej vapor thiab cov pa luam yeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom, xws li cov pa taws halogen, cov pa phem thiab cov hmoov zoo tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv, uas yuav ua rau lub valve sib txawv.Cov neeg khiav dej num yuav tsum tsis tu ncua ntxuav thiab ntxuav li qub thiab refuel tsis tu ncua raws li cov kev cai hauv cov txheej txheem kev khiav hauj lwm, uas yog cov kev ntsuas zoo los tswj ib puag ncig corrosion.Lub qia valve yog ntsia nrog lub hau tiv thaiv, lub hauv paus valve yog nruab rau hauv av zoo, thiab lub valve nto yog txau nrog cov xim, thiab lwm yam, uas yog txhua txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm lub valve los ntawm cov khoom corrosive.Kev kub siab ambient kub thiab huab cua muaj kuab paug, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom siv thiab cov li qub hauv qhov chaw kaw, yuav ua kom lawv cov corrosion.Qhib kev cob qhia lossis kev ntsuas cua thiab cua txias yuav tsum tau txais kev pom zoo kom deb li deb tau kom txo qis ib puag ncig corrosion.
9. Txhim kho kev siv tshuab thiab cov qauv valve
Kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm lub valve yog ib qho teeb meem uas tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tsim, cov khoom siv valve nrog cov qauv tsim tsim nyog thiab cov txheej txheem raug.Nws tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua kom qeeb ntawm corrosion ntawm lub valve.
Tsis-rov qab kuaj xyuas valve
1.Bolted Bonnet, thiab hom nruab nrab flange gasket yuav txawv raws li qib siab.
2.Disc Stop ntaus ntawv los tiv thaiv disc los ntawm kev qhib siab dhau lawm, yog li ua rau tsis ua haujlwm raug kaw.
3.Solid Pin yog precisely ntsia thiab muab kev siv siab los xyuas kom meej kev ua hauj lwm thiab kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm li qub.
4.Rocker caj npab tau txais kev siv zog txaus, Thaum raug kaw, Nws muaj kev ywj pheej txaus rau qhov kaw ntawm li qub Disc.
5.Valve disc yog muab txaus siv thiab rigidity, Disc sealing nto tej zaum yuav built-up welded nrog cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj los yog inlaid nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-hlau teb rau cov neeg siv cov kev thov.
6.Large Swing Check Valve yog muab nrog Lifting Rings rau Hoisting .
HORIZONTAL SWING CHECK VALVES
1. Lub cev: RXVAL cam khwb cia steel lub cev muab qhov tsis muaj zog txaus thiab zoo zog thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
2. Npog: Lub hau npog tso cai rau cov khoom siv sab hauv.
3. Npog Gasket: Lub hau npog gasket tsim kom muaj kev sib tsoo ntawm lub kaus mom thiab lub cev.
4. Lub Rooj Zaum Ring: Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg kaw, lub nplhaib lub rooj zaum yog ua raws thiab muab khi rau hauv lub valve, tom qab ntawd precision hauv av rau qhov chaw zaum zoo.
5. Disc: Lub disc tso cai rau uni-directional ntws thiab txwv tsis pub khiav rov qab nrog teeb meem tsis pub kaw.
6. Swing Arm: Lub viav caj npab tso cai rau lub disc qhib thiab kaw.
7. & 8. Disc Nut & Pin: Cov txiv ntseej thiab tus pin tuav lub disc rau lub viav caj npab.
9. Hinge Pin: Lub pob khawm tus pin muab lub zog ruaj khov rau lub viav caj npab ua haujlwm.
10. Plug: Lub ntsaws ruaj ruaj lub caj npab pin hauv lub valve.
11. Plug Gasket: Lub ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm lub ntsaws ntsaws thiab lub cev.
12. & 13. Npog Studs & Ceev: Lub hau npog thiab cov txiv ntseej tuav lub kaus mom rau lub cev.
14. Eyebolt: Lub qhov muag yog siv los pab txhawb nqa lub valve
Lus Cim: Chav Kawm 150 & 300 siv lub pob khawm sab nraud
BRONZE GATE VALVE Flange kawg
1) Cov dej tsis kam yog me me.Qhov nruab nrab channel hauv lub valve lub cev yog ncaj, qhov nruab nrab ntws hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim, thiab qhov ntws tsis kam yog me me.
2) Nws yog ntau zog-txuag thaum qhib thiab kaw.Piv nrog rau lub ntiaj teb valve, vim hais tias txawm nws yog qhib los yog kaw, cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog ntawm lub rooj vag yog perpendicular mus rau lub ntws kev taw qhia ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
3) Qhov siab yog qhov loj thiab lub sijhawm qhib thiab kaw yog ntev.Qhov qhib thiab kaw stroke ntawm lub rooj vag yog qhov loj, thiab kev nqa thiab txo qis yog nqa los ntawm cov ntsia hlau.
4) Dej rauj tshwm sim tsis yooj yim tshwm sim.Qhov laj thawj yog lub sijhawm kaw ntev.
5) Qhov nruab nrab tuaj yeem ntws mus rau txhua qhov kev taw qhia ntawm ob sab, uas yooj yim rau nruab.Lub rooj vag valve channel yog symmetrical ntawm ob sab.
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-23-2022